ING Groep N.V. (ING) — Valuation Snapshot

ING Groep N.V. (ING) is a bank, insurer or other financial, and a free-cash-flow discounted-cash-flow (DCF) model is structurally the wrong lens for it: for these businesses debt and float are raw material, not financing. So we value it the way a bank is valued — on the return it earns on its book equity. Our bank model (justified price-to-book) puts it at about $45.49 a share, between $39.52 and $53.58 for a cost of equity one point either side of 9.1%, against $33.20 today. Every input is listed with its source. It is a model estimate, not a price target, and not investment advice.

On the numbers we do have, ING trades at a recent price of $33.20, a market capitalisation of about $94,253,613,056, sitting 67% of the way up its 52-week range ($24.35–$37.52), on the NYSE.

The standard alternative to a DCF is relative valuation — comparing ING's trading multiples against a sector benchmark. Here that gives P/E of 11.7× (cheaper than the peer median of 14.0×); Fwd P/E of 10.8× (cheaper than the peer median of 13.4×); P/B of 1.7× (cheaper than the peer median of 2.6×); P/S of 3.7× (cheaper than the peer median of 4.8×); Dividend yield of 4.0% (cheaper than the peer median of 1.9%). A cheaper multiple than peers can flag a discount or a market that expects weaker growth; it is a comparison, not a recommendation.

The asset, or book-value, lens is the classic tool for asset-heavy businesses and financials. ING shows a price-to-book (P/B) of 1.68 and book value of $19.75 per share. Price-to-book compares the market price to the accounting net-asset value per share; below 1.0 can mean a discount to net assets or that the market is pricing in trouble — descriptive either way, never a buy signal on its own.

Finally, a price-based read — explicitly not a valuation. ING is in a mixed trend, trading -11.5% from its 52-week high. Over the past year the stock is +20.9%. Moving-average trend and 52-week position describe where the stock has traded; they say nothing about what it is worth.

To be exact about what this page is not: we are not saying the numbers for ING are unavailable. They are, and they are above. We are saying a discounted-cash-flow model is the wrong instrument for this kind of business, and publishing one anyway — because the inputs happen to exist — would be a precise answer to the wrong question. Refusing is the more useful answer, and it is the same rule we apply to every name in this category.